Microsoft Word
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Microsoft Word is a
word processor designed by
Microsoft. It was first released in 1983 under the name
Multi-Tool Word for
Xenix systems.
[1][2][3] Subsequent versions were later written for several other platforms including
IBM PCs running
DOS (1983), the
Apple Macintosh (1984), the AT&T
Unix PC (1985),
Atari ST (1986),
SCO UNIX,
OS/2, and
Microsoft Windows (1989). It is a component of the
Microsoft Office software system; it is also sold as a standalone product and included in
Microsoft Works Suite.
History
Origins and growth: 1981 to 1995
In 1981, Microsoft hired
Charles Simonyi, the primary developer of
Bravo, the first
GUI word processor, which was developed at
Xerox PARC.
[4] Simonyi started work on a
word processor called
Multi-Tool Word and soon hired
Richard Brodie, a former Xerox intern, who became the primary software engineer.
[4][5][6]
Microsoft Word 5.0 for DOS. Versions 1.0 to 4.0 had a similar user interface.
Microsoft announced Multi-Tool Word for
Xenix[4] and MS-DOS in 1983.
[7] Its name was soon simplified to
Microsoft Word.
[1] Free demonstration copies of the application were bundled with the November 1983 issue of
PC World, making it the first program to be distributed on-disk with a
magazine.
[1][8] Unlike most MS-DOS programs at the time, Microsoft Word was designed to be used with a mouse,
[7] and it was able to display some formatting, such as bold, italic, and underlined text, although it could not render
fonts.
[1] It was not initially popular, since its user interface was different from the leading word processor at the time,
WordStar.
[9] However, Microsoft steadily improved the product, releasing versions 2.0 through 5.0 over the next six years.
Microsoft Word 5.1 for Mac OS.
In 1985, Microsoft
ported Word to the
Macintosh.
This was made easier by the fact that Word for DOS had been designed
for use with high-resolution displays and laser printers, even though
none were yet available to the general public.
[10] Following the precedents of LisaWrite and MacWrite, Word for Mac added true
WYSIWYG features. After its release, Word for Mac's sales were higher than its MS-DOS counterpart for at least four years.
[4]
The second release of Word for Macintosh, shipped in 1987, was named
Word 3.0 to synchronize its version number with Word for DOS; this was
Microsoft's first attempt to synchronize version numbers across
platforms. Word 3.0 included numerous internal enhancements and new
features, including the first implementation of the
Rich Text Format
(RTF) specification, but was plagued with bugs. Within a few months
Word 3.0 was superseded by a more stable Word 3.01, which was mailed
free to all registered users of 3.0.
[10] After
MacWrite, Word for Mac never had any serious rivals on the Mac. Word 5.1 for the Macintosh, released in 1992, was a very popular
word processor owing to its elegance, relative ease of use and feature set. Many users say its the best version of Word for Mac ever created.
[10][11]
In 1986, an agreement between
Atari and Microsoft brought Word to the
Atari ST[12] under the name
Microsoft Write. The Atari ST version was a port of Word 1.05 for the Apple Macintosh
[13][14] and was never updated.
The first version of Word for
Windows was released in 1989. With the release of
Windows 3.0
the following year, sales began to pick up and Microsoft soon became
the market leader for word processors for IBM PC-compatible computers.
[4]
In 1991, Microsoft capitalized on Word for Windows' increasing
popularity by releasing a version of Word for DOS, version 5.5, that
replaced its unique user interface with an interface similar to a
Windows application.
[15][16] When Microsoft became aware of the
Year 2000 problem,
it made Microsoft Word 5.5 for DOS available for download free. As of
February 2012, it is still available for download from Microsoft's web
site.
[17]
In 1991, Microsoft embarked on a project code-named Pyramid to
completely rewrite Microsoft Word from the ground up. Both the Windows
and Mac versions would start from the same code base. It was abandoned
when it was determined that it would take the development team too long
to rewrite and then catch up with all the new capabilities that could
have been added in the same time without a rewrite. Instead, the next
versions of Word for Windows and Mac, dubbed version 6.0, both started
from the code base of Word for Windows 2.0.
[11]
With the release of Word 6.0 in 1993, Microsoft again attempted to
synchronize the version numbers and coordinate product naming across
platforms, this time across DOS, Macintosh, and Windows (this was the
last version of Word for DOS). It introduced AutoCorrect, which
automatically fixed certain typing errors, and AutoFormat, which could
reformat many parts of a document at once. While the Windows version
received favorable reviews (e.g.,
[18]),
the Macintosh version was widely derided. Many accused it of being
slow, clumsy and memory intensive, and its user interface differed
significantly from Word 5.1.
[11] In response to user requests, Microsoft was forced to offer Word 5 again, after it had been discontinued.
[19]
Subsequent versions of Word for Macintosh are no longer direct ports of
Word for Windows, instead featuring a mixture of ported and native
code.
Microsoft Word for Windows since 1995
A full-featured word processing program for Windows and Mac from
Microsoft. Available stand-alone or as part of the Microsoft Office
suite, Word contains rudimentary desktop publishing capabilities and is
the most widely used word processing program on the market. Word files
are commonly used as the format for sending text documents via e-mail
because almost every user with a computer can read a Word document by
using the Word application, a Word viewer or a word processor that
imports the Word format (see Microsoft Word Viewer). Word 95 for Windows
was the first 32-bit version of the product, released with Office 95
around the same time as
Windows 95.
It was a straightforward port of Word 6.0 and it introduced few new
features, one of them being red-squiggle underlined spell-checking.
[20] Starting with Word 95, releases of Word were named after the year of its release, instead of its version number.
[21]
Microsoft Word for Mac since 1995
In 1997, Microsoft formed the
Macintosh Business Unit
as an independent group within Microsoft focused on writing software
for the Mac. Its first version of Word, Word 98, was released with
Office 98 Macintosh Edition. Document compatibility reached parity with
Word 97,
[19] and it included features from Word 97 for Windows, including spell and grammar checking with squiggles.
[22] Users could choose the menus and keyboard shortcuts to be similar to either Word 97 for Windows or Word 5 for Mac.
Word 2001, released in 2000, added a few new features, including the
Office Clipboard, which allowed users to copy and paste multiple items.
[23] It was the last version to run on classic
Mac OS and, on
Mac OS X, it could only run within the
Classic Environment. Word X, released in 2001, was the first version to run natively on, and required, Mac OS X,
[22] and introduced non-contiguous text selection.
[24]
Word 2004 was released in May 2004. It included a new Notebook Layout view for taking notes either by typing or by voice.
[25] Other features, such as tracking changes, were made more similar with Office for Windows.
[26]
Word 2008, released on January 15, 2008, included a Ribbon-like
feature, called the Elements Gallery, that can be used to select page
layouts and insert custom diagrams and images. It also included a new
view focused on publishing layout, integrated bibliography management,
[27] and native support for the new Office Open XML format. It was the first version to run natively on Intel-based Macs.
[28]
Word 2010 allows more customization of the Ribbon,
[29] adds a Backstage view for file management,
[30] has improved document navigation, allows creation and embedding of screenshots,
[31] and integrates with
Word Web App.
[32]
Word 2011, released in October 2010, replaced the Elements Gallery in
favor of a Ribbon user interface that is much more similar to Office
for Windows,
[33] and includes a full-screen mode that allows users to focus on reading and writing documents, and support for
Office Web Apps.
[34]
File formats
File extension
Microsoft Word's native file formats are denoted either by a .doc or .docx file extension.
Although the ".doc" extension has been used in many different
versions of Word, it actually encompasses four distinct file formats:
- Word for DOS
- Word for Windows 1 and 2; Word 4 and 5 for Mac
- Word 6 and Word 95 for Windows; Word 6 for Mac
- Word 97 and later for Windows; Word 98 and later for Mac
The newer ".docx" extension signifies the
Office Open XML international standard
for Office documents and is used by Word 2007, 2010 and 2013 for
Windows, Word 2008 and 2011 for the Macintosh, as well as by a growing
number of applications from other vendors, including
OpenOffice.org Writer, an
open source word processing program.
[35]
Binary formats (Word 97–2003)
During the late 1990s and early 2000s, the default Word document format (
.DOC) became a
de facto standard of
document file formats
for Microsoft Office users. Though usually just referred to as "Word
Document Format", this term refers primarily to the range of formats
used by default in Word version 97-2003. Word document files by using
the Word 97-2003 Binary File Format implement
OLE (Object Linking and Embedding)
structured storage
to manage the structure of their file format. OLE behaves rather like a
conventional hard drive file system and is made up of several key
components. Each Word document is composed of so-called "big blocks"
which are almost always (but do not have to be) 512-byte chunks; hence a
Word document's file size will in most cases be a multiple of 512.
"Storages" are analogues of the directory on a disk drive, and point
to other storages or "streams" which are similar to files on a disk. The
text in a Word document is always contained in the "WordDocument"
stream. The first big block in a Word document, known as the "header"
block, provides important information as to the location of the major
data structures in the document. "Property storages" provide metadata
about the storages and streams in a doc file, such as where it begins
and its name and so forth. The "File information block" contains
information about where the text in a Word document starts, ends, what
version of Word created the document and other attributes.
Microsoft has published specifications for the Word 97-2003 Binary File Format.
[36] However, these specifications were criticised for not documenting all of the features used by Word binary file format.
[37]
Word 2007 and 2010 continue to support the DOC file format, although it is no longer the default.
XML Document (Word 2003)
The
XML format introduced in Word 2003
[38] was a simple,
XML-based format called WordprocessingML.
Cross-version compatibility
Opening a Word Document file in a version of Word other than the one
with which it was created can cause incorrect display of the document.
The document formats of the various versions change in subtle and not so
subtle ways (such as changing the font, or the handling of more complex
tasks like footnotes), creating a "lock in" phenomenon to the base
(proprietary) standard.
[39]
Formatting created in newer versions does not always survive when
viewed in older versions of the program, nearly always because that
capability does not exist in the previous version.
[39] Rich Text Format
(RTF), an early effort to create a format for interchanging formatted
text between applications, is an optional format for Word that retains
most formatting and all content of the original document.
Third party formats
Plugins permitting the Windows versions of Word to read and write formats it does not natively support, such as
international standard OpenDocument
format (ODF) (ISO/IEC 26300:2006), are available. Up until the release
of Service Pack 2 (SP2) for Office 2007, Word did not natively support
reading or writing ODF documents without a plugin, namely the
SUN ODF Plugin or the
OpenXML/ODF Translator.
With SP2 installed, ODF format 1.1 documents can be read and saved like
any other supported format in addition to those already available in
Word 2007.
[39][40][41][42][43] The implementation faces
substantial criticism, and the
ODF Alliance and others have claimed that the third party plugins provide better support.
[44] Microsoft later declared that the ODF support has some limitations.
[45]
In October 2005, one year before the Microsoft Office 2007 suite was
released, Microsoft declared that there was insufficient demand from
Microsoft customers for the international standard OpenDocument format
support, and that therefore it would not be included in Microsoft Office
2007. This statement was repeated in the following months.
[46][47][48][49] As an answer, on October 20, 2005 an online petition was created to demand ODF support from Microsoft.
[50] The petition was signed by approximately 12000 people.
[51]
In May 2006, the ODF plugin for Microsoft Office was released by the OpenDocument Foundation.
[52] Microsoft declared that it had no relationship with the developers of the plugin.
[53]
In July 2006, Microsoft announced the creation of the Open XML
Translator project – tools to build a technical bridge between the
Microsoft Office Open XML Formats and the OpenDocument Format (ODF).
This work was started in response to government requests for
interoperability with ODF. The goal of project was not to add ODF
support to Microsoft Office, but only to create a plugin and an external
toolset.
[54][55] In February 2007, this project released a first version of the ODF plugin for Microsoft Word.
[56]
In February 2007, Sun released an initial version of its ODF plugin for Microsoft Office.
[57] Version 1.0 was released in July 2007.
[58]
Microsoft Word 2007 (Service Pack 1) supports (for output only)
PDF and
XPS formats, but only after manual installation of the Microsoft 'Save as PDF or XPS' add-on.
[59][60] On later releases, this was offered by default.
Image formats
Word can import and display images in common bitmap formats such as
JPG and
GIF. It can also be used to create and display simple line-art. No version of Microsoft Word has support for the common
SVG vector image format.
Features and flaws
Among its features, Word includes a built-in spell checker, a
thesaurus, a dictionary, and utilities for manipulating and editing
text. The following are some aspects of its feature set.
WordArt
WordArt enables drawing text in a Microsoft Word document such as a
title, watermark, or other text, with graphical effects such as skewing,
shadowing, rotating, stretching in a variety of shapes and colors and
even including three-dimensional effects, starting at version 2007, and
prevalent in Office 2010. Users can apply formatting effects such as
shadow, bevel, glow, and reflection to their document text as easily as
applying bold or underline. Users can also spell-check text that uses
visual effects, and add text effects to paragraph styles.
Macros
A Macro is a rule of pattern that specifies how a certain input
sequence(often a sequence of characters) should be mapped to an output
sequence according to defined process. Frequently used or repetitive
sequences of keystrokes and mouse movements can be automated. Like other
Microsoft Office documents, Word files can include advanced
macros and even embedded programs. The language was originally
WordBasic, but changed to
Visual Basic for Applications as of Word 97.
This extensive functionality can also be used to run and propagate
viruses in documents. The tendency for people to exchange Word documents via email,
USB flash drives, and
floppy disks made this an especially attractive vector in 1999. A prominent example was the
Melissa virus, but countless others have existed in the wild.
These macro viruses were the only known cross-platform threats
between Windows and Macintosh computers and they were the only infection
vectors to affect any
Mac OS X system up until the advent of
video codec trojans in 2007. Microsoft released patches for Word X and Word 2004 that effectively eliminated the macro problem on the Mac by 2006.
Word's macro security setting, which regulates when macros may
execute, can be adjusted by the user, but in the most recent versions of
Word, is set to HIGH by default, generally reducing the risk from
macro-based viruses, which have become uncommon.
Layout issues
Before Word 2010 (Word 14) for Windows, the program was unable to correctly handle
ligatures defined in
TrueType fonts.
[61] Those ligature glyphs with
Unicode
codepoints may be inserted manually, but are not recognized by Word for
what they are, breaking spell checking, while custom ligatures present
in the font are not accessible at all. Since Word 2010, the program now
has advanced
typesetting features which can be enabled:
[62] OpenType ligatures,
[63] kerning, and
hyphenation.
Other layout deficiencies of Word include the inability to set crop
marks or thin spaces. Various third-party workaround utilities have been
developed.
[64] Similarly,
combining diacritics
are handled poorly: Word 2003 has "improved support", but many
diacritics are still misplaced, even if a precomposed glyph is present
in the font.
Additionally, as of Word 2002, Word does automatic
font substitution
when it finds a character in a document that does not exist in the font
specified. It is impossible to deactivate this, making it very
difficult to spot when a glyph used is missing from the font in use. If
"Mirror margins" or "Different odd and even" are enabled, Word will not
allow the user to freshly begin page numbering an even page after a
section break (and vice versa). Instead it inserts a mandatory blank
page which cannot be removed.
[65]
In Word 2004 for Macintosh, support of
complex scripts was inferior even to Word 97
[citation needed], and Word 2004 does not support
Apple Advanced Typography features like ligatures or glyph variants.
[66]
Bullets and numbering
Word has extensive lists of bullets and numbering features used for
tables, lists, pages, chapters, headers, footnotes, and tables of
content. Bullets and numbering can be applied directly or using a button
or by applying a style or through use of a template. Some problems with
numbering have been found in Word 97-2003. An example is Word's system
for restarting numbering.
[67] The Bullets and Numbering system has been significantly overhauled for Office 2007, which drastically reduces these problems.
Users can also create tables in Word. Depending on the version, Word
can perform simple calculations. Formulae are supported as well.
AutoSummarize
AutoSummarize highlights passages or phrases that it considers
valuable. The amount of text to be retained can be specified by the user
as a percentage of the current amount of text.
According to Ron Fein of the Word 97 team, AutoSummarize cuts wordy
copy to the bone by counting words and ranking sentences. First,
AutoSummarize identifies the most common words in the document (barring
"a" and "the" and the like) and assigns a "score" to each word—the more
frequently a word is used, the higher the score. Then, it "averages"
each sentence by adding the scores of its words and dividing the sum by
the number of words in the sentence—the higher the average, the higher
the rank of the sentence. "It's like the ratio of wheat to chaff,"
explains Fein.
[68]
AutoSummarize was removed from Microsoft Word for Mac 2011, although
it was present in Word for Mac 2008. AutoSummarize was removed from the
Office 2010 release version (14) as well.
[69]
Password protection
There are 3 password types that can be set in Microsoft Word:
- password to open a document[70]
- password to modify a document [71]
- password restricting formatting and editing [72]
The second and the third type of passwords were developed by
Microsoft for convenient shared use of documents rather than for their
protection. There's no
encryption of documents that are protected by such passwords, and Microsoft Office protection system saves a
hash sum of a password in a document's header where it can be easily accessed and removed by the specialized software.
Password to open a document offers much tougher protection that had been steadily enhanced in the subsequent editions of Microsoft Office.
Word 95 and all the preceding editions had the weakest protection that utilized a conversion of a password to a 16-bit
key.
Key length in
Word 97 and
2000
was strengthened up to 40 bit. However, modern cracking software allows
removing such a password very quickly – a persistent cracking process
takes one week at most. Use of
rainbow tables by online services like
Password-Find reduces password removal time to several seconds. Some
password recovery
software can not only remove a password, but also find an actual
password that was used by a user to encrypt the document using
brute-force attack approach. Statistically, the possibility of recovering the password depends on the
password strength.
Word's
2003/XP default protection remained the same but an option that allowed advanced users choosing a
Cryptographic Service Provider was added.
[73]
If a strong CSP is chosen, guaranteed document decryption becomes
unavailable, and therefore a password can't be removed from the
document. Nonetheless, a password can be fairly quickly picked with
brute-force attack, because its speed is still high regardless of the
CSP selected. Moreover, since the CSPs are not active by the default,
their use is limited to advanced users only.
Word 2007 offers a significantly more secure document protection which utilizes the modern
Advanced Encryption Standard that converts a password to a 128-bit key using a
SHA-1
hash function 50000 times. It makes password removal impossible (as of
today, no computer that can pick the key in reasonable amount of time
exists), and drastically slows the brute-force attack speed down to
several hundreds of passwords/second.
Word's
2010 protection algorithm was not changed apart
from increasing number of SHA-1 conversions up to 100000 times, and
consequently, the brute-force attack speed decreased two times more.
Versions
Microsoft Word 5.5 for DOS
Microsoft Word 2.0c on Windows 3.1
Microsoft Word 2000 running on Windows 2000
Microsoft Word 2010 running on Windows 7
Microsoft Word for Windows release history
| Year Released |
Name |
Version |
Comments |
| 1989 |
Word for Windows 1.0 |
|
|
| 1990 |
Word for Windows 1.1 |
1.1 |
Code-named Bill the Cat |
| 1990 |
Word for Windows 1.1a |
1.1a |
For Windows 3.1 |
| 1991 |
Word for Windows 2.0 |
2.0 |
Code-named Spaceman Spiff |
| 1993 |
Word for Windows 6.0 |
6.0 |
Code-named T3 (renumbered 6 to bring Windows version numbering in line with that of DOS version, Macintosh version and also WordPerfect, the main competing word processor at the time; also a 32-bit version for Windows NT only) |
| 1995 |
Word 95 |
7.0 |
Included in Office 95 |
| 1997 |
Word 97 |
8.0 |
Included in Office 97 |
| 1998 |
Word 98 |
8.5 |
Only sold as part of Office 97 Powered By Word 98, which was only available in Japan and Korea. |
| 1999 |
Word 2000 |
9.0 |
Included in Office 2000 |
| 2001 |
Word 2002 |
10.0 |
Included in Office XP |
| 2003 |
Office Word 2003 |
11.0 |
Included in Office 2003 |
| 2006 |
Office Word 2007 |
12.0 |
Included in Office 2007; released to businesses on November 30, 2006, released worldwide to consumers on January 30, 2007 |
| 2010 |
Word 2010 |
14.0 |
Included in Office 2010 |
| 2013 |
Word 2013 |
15.0 |
Included in Office 2013 |
- Note: Version number 13 was skipped due to superstition.[74]
Microsoft Word for Mac release history
| Year Released |
Name |
Comments |
| 1985 |
Word 1 |
|
| 1987 |
Word 3 |
|
| 1989 |
Word 4 |
Part of Office 1.0 and 1.5 |
| 1991 |
Word 5 |
- Part of Office 3.0
- Requires System 6.0.2, 512 KB of RAM (1 MB for 5.1, 2 MB to use spell check and thesaurus), 6.5 MB available hard drive space[10]
|
| 1992 |
Word 5.1 |
- Part of Office 3.0
- Last version to support 68000-based Macs[10]
|
| 1993 |
Word 6 |
- Part of Office 4.2
- Shares code and user interface with Word for Windows 6
- Requires System 7.0, 4 MB of RAM (8 MB recommended), at least 10 MB available hard drive space, 68020 CPU[10]
|
| 1998 |
Word 98 |
|
| 2000 |
Word 2001 |
|
| 2001 |
Word v. X |
|
| 2004 |
Word 2004 |
Part of Office 2004 |
| 2008 |
Word 2008 |
Part of Office 2008 |
| 2010 |
Word 2011 |
Part of Office 2011 |
Word for MS-DOS release history
| Year released |
Name |
Comments |
| 1983 |
Word 1 |
|
| 1985 |
Word 2 |
|
| 1986 |
Word 3 |
|
| 1987 |
Word 4 |
|
| 1989 |
Word 5 |
|
| 1991 |
Word 5.1 |
|
| 1991 |
Word 5.5 |
First DOS version to use a Windows-like user interface |
| 1993 |
Word 6.0 |
|
Word release history on other platforms
| Platform |
Year released |
Name |
Comments |
| Atari ST |
1988 |
Microsoft Write |
Based on Microsoft Word 1.05 for Mac |
| OS/2 |
1992 |
Microsoft Word for OS/2 version 1.1B |
|
See also
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- ^ Next Office 2007 service pack will include ODF, PDF support options, May 21, 2008 Next Office 2007 service pack will include ODF, PDF support options | Betanews
- ^ Andy Updegrove. "Microsoft Office 2007 to Support ODF – and not OOXML, May 21, 2008". Consortiuminfo.org. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
- ^ "Microsoft: Why we chose ODF support over OOXML, 23 May 2008". Software.silicon.com. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
- ^ "Fact-sheet Microsoft ODF support". odfalliance. Retrieved 2009-05-24. "Microsoft
Excel 2007 will process ODF spreadsheet documents when loaded via the
Sun Plug-In 3.0 for Microsoft Office or the SourceForge "OpenXML/ODF
Translator Add-in for Office," but will fail when using the "built-in"
support provided by Office 2007 SP2."
- ^ Microsoft. "What happens when I save a Word 2007 document in the OpenDocument Text format?". Retrieved 2010-04-05.
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- ^ Open XML Translator project announced (ODF support for Office), July 05, 2006 Open
XML Translator project announced (ODF support for Office) - Brian Jones
& Zeyad Rajabi: Office Solutions - Site Home - MSDN Blogs
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- ^ What's new in Word 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
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- ^ How to Enable OpenType Ligatures in Word 2010, Oreszek Blog, 17 May 2009.
- ^ Such as WordSetter (shareware)
- ^ "How to delete a blank page in Word". Sbarnhill.mvps.org. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
- ^ Neuburg, Matt (2004-05-19). "TidBITS : Word Up! Word 2004, That Is". Db.tidbits.com. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
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- ^ Gore, Karenna (1997-02-09). "Cognito Auto Sum". Slate.com. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
- ^ Changes in Word 2010
- ^ http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word-help/password-protect-documents-workbooks-and-presentations-HA010148333.aspx#BM1
- ^ http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word-help/password-protect-documents-workbooks-and-presentations-HA010148333.aspx#BM3
- ^ http://www.trickyways.com/2010/06/how-to-restrict-editing-in-word-2010-2007/
- ^ http://www.oraxcel.com/projects/encoffice/help/How_safe_is_Word_encryption.html
- ^ For the sake of superstition the next version of Office won't be called '13', Office Watch News.
Further reading
- Tsang, Cheryl. Microsoft: First Generation. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-33206-0.
- Liebowitz, Stan J. & Margolis, Stephen E. WINNERS, LOSERS & MICROSOFT: Competition and Antitrust in High Technology Oakland: Independent Institute. ISBN 978-0-945999-80-5.
External links
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